小水库灌区节水节能的改造分析

摘　要：就小水库灌区节水节能的改造中的一系列问题进行分析，力争将节水节能的改造做到最好。

Abstract: analysis of a series of problems of water-saving and energy-saving small reservoir in the irrigation area, and strive to do the best water-saving energy-saving transformation.

关键词：节水节能； 设计改造； 思路分析 

Keywords: energy saving; design; analysis method

现在的小水库的作用是非同小可，对我国的农业社会做出了很大的贡献，但是，放眼望去，我国的节约型社会所提倡的节约，并没有在小水库的灌区中体现出来，我国小水库灌区还是存在很大的问题的。

Small reservoir present role is to be no trivial matter., made a great contribution to our country agricultural society, but, looking ahead, the promotion of conservation-minded society of our country economy, is not reflected in the irrigation area of small reservoirs, small reservoirs in China irrigation or there is a big problem.

1　小水库灌区遇到的问题

1 small reservoir irrigation problems

现在我国的小水库的灌区，有大部分已经是很大的一片灌区了，那里是我国农业产品的主要出产地，是农村经济的支撑，也是农业发展的重要保证。

Now our country Small Reservoir Irrigation District, most is a large piece of irrigation area, there are mainly produced in China's agricultural products, the rural economy is the support, but also an important guarantee for agricultural development.

小水库对农作物的生长不仅能够提供者充足的水源，而且还可以提供天然的水利能源。但是由于长时间以来，对小水库的管理不当，政策的不对还有投入的不足，以及在过去一段时间内经济体制的影响，我国的小水库出现了很大的问题，比如：1）我国的小水库管理不当，管理人员的待遇和素质都有待提高，对于小水库的运行很不灵活。2）水库的很多设备都不全面，在后期也缺乏维修和更新，很多设备都已经退化、失修，水库在灌溉区的作用没有体现。3）对水费的设置不当，造成水费的收入低于实际对水库的投入。4）对于在灌溉区的水资源的浪费，不仅是水量的浪费，对水能资源也没有做到节约。

Growth of small reservoir on the crops can not only provider adequate water, but also can provide natural water energy. But because of a long time, not to the small reservoir management, policy and the lack of investment in the wrong, and over time with economic system, there's a big problem, small reservoirs in China such as: 1 ) improper small reservoirs in China management, management of treatment and quality needs to be improved, for small reservoir operation is not flexible. 2 ) a lot of equipment reservoir are not comprehensive, in the later also lack of repair and renewal, many devices are already degraded, disrepair, the function of reservoir in the irrigation district is not reflected. 3 ) on water set incorrectly, causing water fee income lower than the actual investment of reservoir. 4 ) for the irrigation area water resources waste, is not only a waste of water, nor on the hydropower resources to save.

以上的这些问题对灌溉区都造成了很大的影响，没有做到可持续发展，影响灌溉区农作物的生长和农村经济的发展，也没有达到社会主义新农村和节约型社会的要求。

These problems of irrigation district have had a great impact, not to achieve sustainable development, affecting the development of rural economic growth and irrigation area crops, also did not meet the socialist new countryside and the requirements of a conservation-minded society.

2　小水库灌区节水节能的改造措施

Reform measures of water-saving and energy-saving 2 small reservoir irrigation area

2.1　设计思路　1）在进行小水库灌区节水节能的改造之前，首先就是要明确灌区中遇到的各种问题。比如在光驱中有的主要的渠道不通水，灌区的范围缩小，水位下降，灌溉的面积也减少了，另外还有如果在一开始进行设计的时候对渠道的要求标准低，很多渠道都没有挖掘完全，还有很多建筑物老化、退化严重等等。明确了这些问题之后，才能对整个设计进行构思。2）要提高水库的输水能力，让整个灌溉区域的面积最大化，从而确定灌区的建设是以提高输水的能力，节约水能和水资源为主，除险加固为辅设计一个合理的思路。3）要注意到小水库所具有的水能，一定要满足管道对水的输出和对农作物节水措施所需要的水压，不能让水库的水能白白的浪费在一些无关紧要的环节上。

2.1 design 1 ) before the transformation of water-saving and energy-saving small reservoir irrigation, first is to meet the various problems in irrigation district. For example, in the drive of some main channel is not water, irrigation range is narrow, the water level dropped, the irrigation area is reduced, and if at the beginning of design time requirements of channels of low standards, many channels are not mining completely, there are a lot of buildings, and the aging degradation. After defining the conception of these problems, to the whole design. 2 ) to improve the reservoir capacity, to maximize the whole irrigation area, so as to determine the irrigation construction is to increase the water capacity, water conservation and water resources, supplemented by designing a reasonable idea of reinforcement. 3 ) pay attention to the small reservoir with water, must meet the output pipeline of water and water needed by crops water-saving measures, can not let the reservoir water waste in some be of no great importance link.

2.2　设计方案　1）对水渠两旁的坡进行加固防渗的二面光建设，尤其是对于那些容易崩塌和淤塞的段落还有原来工程施工没能达到要求的段落，还有高边坡的环山渠段的整理加固等等，用这些措施来提高水库的输水能力。2）对整个水渠的建筑物进行重新维修和更新，搭理提高整个渠道的调水控水的能力，并且同时能够消除水道的安全隐患，结合整个灌溉区的实际情况，为整个所辖范围设备适合的硬件设施，用全新的材料做好后期的防渗工作。3）为水库提供的水进行计量收费，水费征收按照改革之后的实际情况去制定，并且要用较高的标准来对调水和控水的设备进行要求。4）要时刻对灌溉区进行调查，在灌溉区的面积逐渐恢复的时候，适时的对附近的工业和人口用水进行调查，按需分配，解决供给水的矛盾，就成为了灌溉区节水的主要刺激力。5）在整个方案进行的后期，除了对附近水需求的调查外，也要对整个渠道的防水工作做到严格把关，力争做到高标准，新技术和新材料。

2.2 design 1 ) on the channels on both sides of the slope reinforcement and seepage two light construction, especially for those who are easy to collapse and blockage of the paragraph and the original construction can not meet the requirements of paragraphs, and reinforcement on canal slope consolidation and so on, these measures to improve reservoir water capacity. 2 ) for the whole canal buildings to repair and renewal, to improve the ability of water channel and water control, and also can eliminate the hidden danger of waterways, combined with the actual situation of the whole irrigation area, for the entire scope of equipment suitable for hardware facilities, with new materials do impervious work late. 3 ) for metering and charging for reservoirs provide water, water charges levied in accordance with the actual situation after the reform to develop requirements for equipment, and with higher standards to water diversion and water control. 4 ) always carries on the investigation to the irrigation area, when the irrigation area gradually restored, timely to the nearby industrial and population water investigation, distribution according to needs, solve the contradiction of supply water, will become the main force to stimulate water-saving irrigation area. 5 ) late in the project, in addition to survey on nearby water demand, but also to the entire channel waterproof work strictly, and strive to achieve high standards, new technology and new materials.

3　对小水库灌区节水节能的改造的建议

Transformation of 3 pairs of small reservoir irrigation district water-saving and energy-saving advice

1）资金的不到位对小穗去灌区的节水节能的改造具有严重的影响，而恰恰很多小水库都处于比较偏僻的小县城和小乡镇，所以在资金的问题上，灌区的省市级要大力支持，按照市场经济的要求，积极参加到对水库灌区的节水节能的改造工程上来，对小水库灌区要提供资金帮助，大力支持。2）说到灌溉工程，那是一个艰巨又庞大的工程，对于整个工程的总设计非常重要，但是对于后期的配套管理也不能忽视，二者要一视同仁，在整个工程的主干进行完之后，配套的管理应该转向田间，对后期的管理要按照党中央的要求和社会主义新农村的概念，对整个安排做好设计，做好小水库灌区的节水节能的改造任务。3）对整个灌区的人事和机构进行改革是非常重要的。目前，我国的很多灌区都出现了或多或少的问题，但是随着改革的不断进行，设备也不断地完善，很多的管理机构和管理体制逐渐成形，管理人员基本到位，这就要重新安排人力资源，合理对待相关的费用，做到整个水库的灌区管理到位，设备精良，后期的配备能够正常运转，这样，才能形成一个良好的小水库灌区，能够按照市场发展的要求建立起一个具有精良的管理队伍、先进的管理设备、还有重要的一点就是能够实现大力的节水节能的效果。伴随着这样的管理脚步，我国的小水库灌区能够维持节水节能的效果，走向自我管理的道路。

1 ) has the serious influence transformation of water-saving and energy-saving funds are not in place of spikelet to irrigation, and just a lot of small reservoirs are in the in the remote small town and small towns, so on the issue of money, provincial and municipal district should vigorously support, in accordance with the requirements of the market economy, actively participate in the reconstruction project of water-saving the energy of the reservoir irrigation, for small reservoir irrigation district to provide funds to help, support. 2 ) when it comes to irrigation works, it is a very difficult and large project, the whole design is very important, but for supporting the management of late can not be ignored, the two must make no exception, after the end of the entire project trunk, supporting management should turn to the field, the management should be in accordance with the concept of the party the requirements of the central government and the new socialist rural areas, do a good job to design the arrangement, transformation tasks do water-saving energy-saving small reservoir irrigation area. 3 ) on the whole irrigation area of personnel and organization reform is very important. At present, a lot of irrigation areas in China. There are more or less, but with the reform continuously, equipment is also constantly improve, a lot of management mechanism and management system gradually forming, management staff in place, it will rearrange the human resources, reasonable treatment related expenses, be in place, the entire reservoir irrigation area management well-equipped, later equipped to normal operation, so, can form a small reservoir well irrigation area, according to the needs of the development of the market to establish a good management team, advanced management equipment, there is an important point is to achieve the effect of saving water and energy to. With such management steps, small reservoirs in China can maintain the irrigation water-saving and energy-saving effect, to the self management of the road.z